There seems to be an ongoing debate as to whether a minister should be considered an employee of the church, and thus receive IRS Form W-2 at the end of the year, or be considered self-employed and receive Form 1099. Much of this controversy arises because ministers are treated one way for income tax purposes and another way for social security tax purposes. This is very confusing to ministers and to those who must report ministers’ incomes to the federal government.
There are at least three reasons why ministers’ incomes should be reported on Form W-2 (as an employee) and not on Form 1099 (as self-employed).
1. First, the likelihood of an audit by the IRS is greatly reduced if a minister’s income is reported on a W-2 instead of a 1099. This reason alone should be sufficient to cause all ministers to seriously consider using Form W-2.
2. Secondly, the costs of various fringe benefits, such as church-paid health insurance premiums, will be tax-exempt. Or to put it another way, the minister’s disposable income can be increased by treating him/her as an employee for federal income tax purposes, and it costs the church nothing to do so.
3. Reporting income using Form W-2 will avoid the penalties and interest that a “self-employed” minister would have to pay if he/she is audited and reclassified by the IRS as an employee of the church. Tests used by the IRS and by the courts to determine the employment status of ministers will most often classify ministers as employees of the church. The penalties and interest are therefore real possibilities for ministers who report as “self-employed.”
Note that the above apply to ministers who are on staff at a local church. For other ministers, such as evangelists, reporting income as “self-employed” is probably the appropriate route to take. Each minister’s situation is unique, so each minister should consult his/her CPA for the latest guidance on these issues. If I can provide further light on this subject, please do not hesitate to contact me at Ron@VisionAdvocates.org or by phone at 770-733-4522.